This is a quick, short and concise tutorial on how to impute missing data. Previously, we have published an extensive tutorial on imputing missing values with MICE package. The current tutorial aims to be simple and user-friendly for those who just starting using R.

Preparing the dataset

I have created a simulated dataset, which you can load on your R environment by using the following code.

dat <- read.csv(url("https://goo.gl/4DYzru"), header=TRUE, sep=",")

Let’s see the header of dataset.

head(dat)
##    Age Gender Cholesterol SystolicBP  BMI Smoking Education
## 1 67.9 Female       236.4      129.8 26.4     Yes      High
## 2 54.8 Female       256.3      133.4 28.4      No    Medium
## 3 68.4   Male       198.7      158.5 24.1     Yes      High
## 4 67.9   Male       205.0      136.0 19.9      No       Low
## 5 60.9   Male       207.7      145.4 26.7      No    Medium
## 6 44.9 Female       222.5      130.6 30.6      No       Low

Check the data for missing values.

sapply(dat, function(x) sum(is.na(x)))
##         Age      Gender Cholesterol  SystolicBP         BMI     Smoking 
##           0           0           0           0           0           0 
##   Education 
##           0

Since there are no missings, I will add some NA in the dataset, but before I will duplicate original dataset to evaluate the accuracy of imputation later.

original <- dat

Now I will add some missings in few variables.

set.seed(10)
dat[sample(1:nrow(dat), 20), "Cholesterol"] <- NA
dat[sample(1:nrow(dat), 20), "Smoking"] <- NA
dat[sample(1:nrow(dat), 20), "Education"] <- NA
dat[sample(1:nrow(dat), 5), "Age"] <- NA
dat[sample(1:nrow(dat), 5), "BMI"] <- NA

Confirm the presence of missings in the dataset.

sapply(dat, function(x) sum(is.na(x)))
##         Age      Gender Cholesterol  SystolicBP         BMI     Smoking 
##           5           0          20           0           5          20 
##   Education 
##          20

Next step is to transform the variables in factors or numeric. For example, smoking and education are categorical variables, whereas cholesterol level is continuous.

library(dplyr) 
dat <- dat %>%
    mutate(
        Smoking = as.factor(Smoking),
        Education = as.factor(Education),
        Cholesterol = as.numeric(Cholesterol)
    )

Look the dataset structure.

str(dat)
## 'data.frame':    250 obs. of  7 variables:
##  $ Age        : num  67.9 54.8 68.4 67.9 60.9 44.9 49.9 NA 57.5 77.2 ...
##  $ Gender     : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 ...
##  $ Cholesterol: num  236 256 199 205 208 ...
##  $ SystolicBP : num  130 133 158 136 145 ...
##  $ BMI        : num  26.4 28.4 24.1 19.9 26.7 30.6 27.3 27.5 28.3 29.1 ...
##  $ Smoking    : Factor w/ 2 levels "No","Yes": 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ Education  : Factor w/ 3 levels "High","Low","Medium": 1 3 1 NA NA 2 3 2 1 1 ...

Everything looks OK, so let's proceed with imputation.

Imputation

Now that the dataset is ready for imputation, we will call the mice package. The code below is standard and you don't need to change anything besides the dataset name.

library(mice)
init = mice(dat, maxit=0) 
meth = init$method
predM = init$predictorMatrix

To impute the missing values, mice package use an algorithm in a such a way that use information from other variables in the dataset to predict and impute the missing values. Therefore, you may not want to use a certain variable as predictors. For example, the ID variable does not have any predictive value.

The code below will remove the variable as a predictor but still will be imputed. Just for illustration purposes, I select the BMI variable to not be included as predictor during imputation.

predM[, c("BMI")]=0

If you want to skip a variable from imputation use the code below. This variable will be used for prediction.

meth[c("Age")]=""

Now let specify the methods for imputing the missing values. There are specific methods for continues, binary and ordinal variables. I set different methods for each variable. You can add more than one variable in each method.

meth[c("Cholesterol")]="norm" 
meth[c("Smoking")]="logreg" 
meth[c("Education")]="polyreg"

Now it is time to run the multiple (m=5) imputation.

set.seed(103)
imputed = mice(dat, method=meth, predictorMatrix=predM, m=5)
##  iter imp variable
##   1   1  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   1   2  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   1   3  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   1   4  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   1   5  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   2   1  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
##   2   2  Cholesterol  BMI  Smoking  Education
...

Create a dataset after imputation.

imputed <- complete(imputed)

Check for missings in the imputed dataset.

sapply(imputed, function(x) sum(is.na(x)))
##         Age      Gender Cholesterol  SystolicBP         BMI     Smoking 
##           5           0           0           0           0           0 
##   Education 
##           0

Accuracy

In this example, we know the actual values of missing data, since I added the missings. This indicates that we can check the accuracy of the imputation. However, we should acknowledge that this is a simulated dataset, and therefore, variables have no scientific meanings and are not correlated to each other. Therefore I expect a lower rate of accuracy for this imputation.

# Cholesterol
actual <- original$Cholesterol[is.na(dat$Cholesterol)]
predicted <- imputed$Cholesterol[is.na(dat$Cholesterol)]
# Smoking
actual <- original$Smoking[is.na(dat$Smoking)] 
predicted <- imputed$Smoking[is.na(dat$Smoking)] 
table(actuals)
table(predicted)
mean(actual)
mean(predicted)
## [1] 231.07
## [1] 231.3564
## actual
##  No Yes
##  11   9
## predicted
##  No Yes
##  14   6

The mean of actual and predicted for Cholesterol is almost identical, which shows a high accuracy of imputation, whereas for smoking is low.

That's it, I hope you find this tutorial useful. If you have any question feel free to comment below.