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Introduction

# Introductory Data Analysis with Python

This is a simple post to demonstrate how python can be used to do preliminary data analysis. I am using Python version 3.5.1 coming with Anaconda Python version 4.0 64 bit and my operating system is windows. To start with you can download Anaconda Python and install it in your machine. Once the installation is over, open the Anaconda Prompt which will appear in the start menu if you have installed in windows machine.

Your Anaconda Prompt will look like this:

Now type the following command in your Anaconda console prompt

pip install jupyter

Once the installation is done, type

jupyter notebook

This is how your notebook will look like this:

Next, I am going to use the following used cars dataset. The data set also comes from PACKT Publication for the book Machine Learning with R  by Brett Lantz.

import os
import pandas as pd
os.chdir("")
print(df.columns)
Index(['year', 'model', 'price', 'mileage', 'color', 'transmission'], dtype='object')

To see the first 5 rows of data table do the following:

print(df.iloc[1:5,:].values)
[[2011 'SEL' 20995 10926 'Gray' 'AUTO']
[2011 'SEL' 19995 7351 'Silver' 'AUTO']
[2011 'SEL' 17809 11613 'Gray' 'AUTO']
[2012 'SE' 17500 8367 'White' 'AUTO']]

Now few of the features like color and transmission are not numerical and most of the ML algorithms will not be happy about this.

To get rid of this, we do the following

df1 = pd.get_dummies(df[['year', 'model', 'price', 'mileage', 'color', 'transmission'] ])
print(df1.columns)
Index(['year', 'price', 'mileage', 'model_SE', 'model_SEL', 'model_SES',
'color_Black', 'color_Blue', 'color_Gold', 'color_Gray', 'color_Green',
'color_Red', 'color_Silver', 'color_White', 'color_Yellow',
'transmission_AUTO', 'transmission_MANUAL'],
dtype='object')

So df1 is a new data frame which have all the columns of df but have additional columns with respect to each variety of color, model and transmission.

Check the first five values for df1:

print(df1.iloc[1:5,:].values)
[[ 2011 20995 10926     0     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0
0     0     0     1     0]
[ 2011 19995  7351     0     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
1     0     0     1     0]
[ 2011 17809 11613     0     1     0     0     0     0     1     0     0
0     0     0     1     0]
[ 2012 17500  8367     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0
0     1     0     1     0]]

Notice that all the previous categorical attributes are replaced with attributes that have Boolean values.

Now let us create some box plot with the price:

price =df1.iloc[1:,1].values
print(price)
[20995 19995 17809 17500 17495 17000 16995 16995 16995 16995 16992 16950
16950 16000 15999 15999 15995 15992 15992 15988 15980 15899 15889 15688
15500 15499 15499 15298 14999 14999 14995 14992 14992 14992 14990 14989
14906 14900 14893 14761 14699 14677 14549 14499 14495 14495 14480 14477
14355 14299 14275 14000 13999 13997 13995 13995 13995 13995 13992 13992
13992 13992 13991 13950 13950 13950 13895 13888 13845 13799 13742 13687
13663 13599 13584 13425 13384 13383 13350 12999 12998 12997 12995 12995
12995 12995 12995 12995 12995 12992 12990 12988 12849 12780 12777 12704
12595 12507 12500 12500 12280 11999 11992 11984 11980 11792 11754 11749
11495 11450 10995 10995 10995 10979 10955 10955 10836 10815 10770 10717
10000  9999  9999  9995  9995  9992  9651  9000  8999  8996  8800  8495
8494  8480  7999  7995  7995  7900  7488  6999  6995  6980  6980  6950
6200  5995  5980  4899  3800]

Now we will plot these prices as box plot:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.boxplot(price,  0, 'x')
plt.show()

Here it is the plot:

The symbol ‘x’ shows the outliers, the red line in the box marks the mean. You can try similar things for mileage as well.

Hope you find this very first post in Python useful.