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Visualizing Data

# How to make Histogram with R

Histogram are frequently used in data analyses for visualizing the data. Through histogram we can identify the distribution and frequency of the data. Histogram divide the continues variable in groups (x axis) and gives the frequency (y-axis) in each group. The function that histogram use is hist(). Below I will show a set of examples by using iris data set which come with R.

Basic histogram:

hist(iris$Petal.Length)  Here is the basic histogram: Adding color and labels in histograms: hist(iris$Petal.Length, col="blue", xlab="Petal Length", main="Colored histogram")


Histogram with labels:

hist(iris$Petal.Length, breaks=30, col="gray", xlab="Petal Length", main="Colored histogram")  Histogram with more bars: In statistics, histogram is used to evaluate the distribution of the data. In order to show the distribution of the data we first will show density (or probably) instead of frequency, by using function freq=FALSE. Secondly, we will use the function curve() to show normal distribution line. Here the example: # add a normal distribution line in histogram hist(iris$Petal.Length, freq=FALSE, col="gray", xlab="Petal Length", main="Colored histogram")
curve(dnorm(x, mean=mean(iris$Petal.Length), sd=sd(iris$Petal.Length)), add=TRUE, col="red") #line